Advertising- Sell and Spin a History of Advertising free essay sample

The Coca-Cola Company has had such incredible accomplishment with publicizing that the second most perceived words or expression on earth is, truth be told, Coca-Cola. This was amazingly astounding to me since Coca-Cola is an American brand of pop that has had such effective deals and promotions that it has become famous around the world. A central point of Coca Colas achievement if its notices that can be seen all over the place, from boards to acclaimed TV advertisements that are viewed on Youth. Without publicizing. The Coca-Cola Company would not be as fruitful as it is today.Another part of the historical backdrop of publicizing that interested me was the amount more force the symbol in the notice had over what was really being promoted. Symbols are generally perceived and connected with their one item. For instance, Tony the Tiger, made by Leo Burnett, is both generally perceive and connected with Frosted Flakes. Another extraordinary method of publicizing is including jingles. We will compose a custom article test on Promoting Sell and Spin: a History of Advertising or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As a young lady, I didn't understand what number of commercial jingles I had latched onto my subconscious mind, which consequently permitted me to continually be contemplating sure items without even realizing.To this day despite everything know Tony the Tigers Frosted Flakes jingle by heart. One of my preferred ads was Christian Doors Miss Dior Cheerier aroma business coordinated by Sofia Copula. A thirty second film about a little youngster meandering the lanes of Paris in high fashion caused me need to feel like was meandering the lanes of Paris in high fashion, as well. So obviously, proceeded to purchase a jug of the fragrance and have been getting a charge out of the aroma from that point forward. Each time I smell the fragrance on my wrist, recollect the commercial.The utilization of a character or symbol in promoting is so viable motivation buyers can identify with the symbol more than the item. It makes publicizing progressively close to home. Another sort of promoting that was fascinating was Roster Reeves recommendation of using JSP (Unique Selling Proposition) to underscore the manners by which the brand is better than a contending brand. One business that rings a bell is a Quizzing business. Testing contending sandwich shop is Subway. Recollect explicitly in the business that the voice said not to go to Wrongly and recorded reasons why their sandwiches were better.I discovered it very intriguing and diverting that Quizzing was talking session Subway in a not exactly unpretentious way. Notices, for example, these make an imprint in the shoppers mind and, if sufficiently captivating, can remain there for quite a while simply like the Frosted Flakes jingle. Watching Sell and Spin: A History of Advertising has shown me a great deal of fascinating data about publicizing and how it has created throughout the years. There is such a great amount of data about how publicizing truly functions and how it really catches the brain of the buyer through inventiveness, which is actually why I was attracted to promoting from the earliest starting point.

The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emily Essay

The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emilyâ â â â â â â â A Rose for Emily, by Faulkner, gives countless subtleties as well as an unpredictable structure. Long after the peruser has figured out how to distinguish and examine the capacity of huge detail, they regularly keep on battling with the impact of structure on a story. The symbolism of changing representations in A Rose for Emily permits the peruser to investigate both to discover meaning. Notwithstanding the strict picture of Emily's dad, Faulkner makes various allegorical representations of Emily herself by surrounding her in entryways or windows. The ordered association of Emily's pictures outwardly engraves the progressions happening for an incredible duration. Like an impressionist artwork that changes as the watcher moves to various positions, in any case, the auxiliary association gives hints to the entire picture or to the inspirations driving her changes. Sequentially, the back-flung front entryway makes the primary scene of an energetic Miss Emily, diligently protected by her dad. Miss Emily, a slim figure in white,1 encapsulates the helpless virgin, floating out of sight, subordinate and uninvolved. The dad, a spraddled outline in the closer view, his back to her and gripping a horsewhip (CS 123), is a threatening dim picture accepting the predominant front position. His turned around recommends a negligence for her enthusiastic government assistance as he averts potential threat - or infringement of her maidenhead- - with his horsewhip. The back-flung entryway welcomes admirers in, yet just the individuals who satisfy Grierson guidelines. Shockingly, those principles are out of reach - The Griersons held themselves excessively high for what they truly were (CS 123)- - and Miss Emily remains... ...cefully on her burial service casket with a straightforward picture of adoration and misfortune, a strand of iron-silver hair laying on the yellowed cushion of an inept wedding bed. This eerie picture is the fianl pen stroke murmuring the tribute of her squandered life. Notes 1 Collected Stories of William Faulkner (New York: Vintage, 1977), 123. From this point forward CS. 2 The southern grower designed his way of life after the English nation refined man (Daniel Boorstin, The American:â The Colonial Experience [Random House, 1958]).â In doing as such, he built up a set of accepted rules that mirrored the sentimentalism of the medevial age.â A primitive attitude - loaded with cultured love, a code of respect, and a sentimental journey - is clear in a few of Faulkner's male characters, e.g., Sutpen in Abaslom, Absalom! also, Hightower in Light in August. 3 The Sound and the Fury (New York:â Random House, 1992), 78. The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emily Essay The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emilyâ â â â â â â â A Rose for Emily, by Faulkner, gives incalculable subtleties as well as a mind boggling structure. Long after the peruser has figured out how to distinguish and talk about the capacity of critical detail, they regularly keep on battling with the impact of structure on a story. The symbolism of changing representations in A Rose for Emily permits the peruser to investigate both to discover meaning. Notwithstanding the exacting picture of Emily's dad, Faulkner makes various allegorical representations of Emily herself by encircling her in entryways or windows. The sequential association of Emily's pictures outwardly engraves the progressions happening for an amazing duration. Like an impressionist artistic creation that changes as the watcher moves to various positions, nonetheless, the basic association gives intimations to the entire picture or to the inspirations driving her changes. Sequentially, the back-flung front entryway makes the principal scene of a young Miss Emily, perseveringly monitored by her dad. Miss Emily, a thin figure in white,1 encapsulates the helpless virgin, floating out of sight, subordinate and inactive. The dad, a spraddled outline in the closer view, his back to her and gripping a horsewhip (CS 123), is a threatening dim picture accepting the predominant front position. His turned around recommends a negligence for her passionate government assistance as he avoids potential risk - or infringement of her maidenhead- - with his horsewhip. The back-flung entryway welcomes admirers in, yet just the individuals who fulfill Grierson guidelines. Shockingly, those measures are out of reach - The Griersons held themselves excessively high for what they truly were (CS 123)- - and Miss Emily remains... ...cefully on her burial service casket with a basic picture of affection and misfortune, a strand of iron-silver hair laying on the yellowed cushion of an inept marriage bed. This unpleasant picture is the fianl pen stroke murmuring the commendation of her squandered life. Notes 1 Collected Stories of William Faulkner (New York: Vintage, 1977), 123. From this point forward CS. 2 The southern grower designed his way of life after the English nation man of his word (Daniel Boorstin, The American:â The Colonial Experience [Random House, 1958]).â In doing as such, he built up an implicit rules that mirrored the sentimentalism of the medevial age.â A medieval mentality - loaded with elegant love, a code of respect, and a sentimental journey - is obvious in a few of Faulkner's male characters, e.g., Sutpen in Abaslom, Absalom! what's more, Hightower in Light in August. 3 The Sound and the Fury (New York:â Random House, 1992), 78.

How the Fight or Flight Response Works

How the Fight or Flight Response Works Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you performed physical acts you cannot ordinarily perform? I remember this one time I was going home a bit late in the night when I decided, against my best senses, to go through an alley.On one side of the alley is a tall wall, while a chest high fence stands on the other side. Half-way through the alley, I saw two guys emerge from behind a dumpster that was a few meters in front of me. With my senses on high alert, I stopped immediately.One of the guys started approaching me quickly. He had in his arms something that looked like a metal bar. As I started turning back the way I had come, another guy emerged from the mouth of the alley, effectively blocking my exit.What happened next was a blur!Without thinking, I scaled the chest high fence, run across the empty lot, scaled the fence on the other side and run all the way home. Only after I got home did I stop to think how I had escaped a possible mugging.Pondering the escape after I was home safely, it hit me that the fence I had scaled was a bit high, and I doubt that I can ordinarily go over it as quickly and easily as I did that day. How was I able to do it?Well, turns out I have my fight or flight response to thank for my ability to escape the muggers that day.WHAT IS THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE?Civilization and modern advances in science and technology have made life relatively safe for us. Thousands of years ago, life wasn’t so easy for our ancestors. They didn’t have farms and supermarkets like we do today.They had to roam the forests and grasslands searching for fruits, wild game and other edibles to sustain them. This presented a lot of risks. As they roamed the forests, a lion or tiger could spring from the bushes at any moment and attack them. The grasslands were filled with dangerous snakes and other reptiles.To ensure their survival, their brains developed a mechanism that prioritized keeping them safe above everything else.Once they sensed da nger, this mechanism took over from their conscious control and prepared them to either run away from the imminent danger or to fight for their life.This mechanism is known as the fight or flight response, and has been passed down to us over the course of evolution.Also known as the acute stress response, the fight or flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs when your brain senses something it perceives to be a threat to your life or wellbeing. The reaction is triggered by the release of hormones that give your body a burst of energy and strength in preparation for dealing with the perceived threat.This reaction was first described in the 1920s by Walter Bradford Cannon, an American physiologist. It was named the fight or flight response because when activated, it gives you the physical ability to either flee from the source of danger or fight the perceived threat.WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE? When you see or hear something that your brain perceive s to be a threat, your brain sounds an alarm by sending the information to the amygdala, a cluster of nuclei in the brain whose primary role is to process responses to emotion-causing stimuli.The amygdala is particularly associated with the emotion of fear.Once the information gets here, the amygdala processes it to decode what the information signifies.If the information is perceived to signify danger, the amygdala immediately sends a distress signal to the hypothalamus, which is the command center for the body’s metabolic processes as well as the functions of the autonomic nervous system. This is the system that controls involuntary functions such as your heartbeat and blood pressure, breathing, and glandular processes.The autonomic nervous system is made up of two key components: the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system. These two components work in opposition to each other. You can think of them as the gas and brake pedals in a car.The sympathetic nervous system acts as the gas pedal, initiating reactions within the body, while the parasympathetic nervous system acts as the brake pedal, slowing down the functions of the sympathetic nervous system and promoting a “rest and digest” response.When the distress signal gets to the hypothalamus from the amygdala, the hypothalamus responds by activating two systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. Once the sympathetic nervous system is active, the body generally speeds up and becomes very alert, while the muscles become tense, ready for action.Using nerve pathways to initiate reactions, the sympathetic nervous system sends out signals to the adrenal glands, triggering the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline to the bloodstream.The release of these hormones in turn causes a number of physiological responses that prepare the body for action.All these reactions occur instantly, before you even have a chance to consciously process the situation you are in. This ex plains why you are able to jump from the path of an oncoming car without actually thinking about it.A short while after is released into your bloodstream to initiate action, the hypothalamus also releases a hormone known as CRH into your pituitary gland. This activates the adrenal-cortical system. Immediately the adrenal-cortical system is activated, the pituitary gland in turn secretes a hormone known as ACTH.ACTH is transported through the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex, where it triggers the secretion of about 30 different stress hormones, including cortisol. The release of these hormones reinforces the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline, continuing to provide you with energy and strength to deal with the threat.The activation of the adrenal-cortical system can keep the sympathetic nervous system running for as long as necessary, until you are out of danger. Once the threat is neutralized, or once you have gotten away from danger, the levels of cortisol in your body decrea se and the parasympathetic nervous system is activated.It acts as the brake and counteracts the effects of fight or flight response.Once you are away from danger, it may take anywhere between 20 â€" 60 minutes for your body to go back to its pre-arousal state.CHANGES THAT OCCUR TO YOUR BODY DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSEThe hormonal activity described above leads to a number of physiological changes as your body prepares to fight or flee from the threat. These changes include:Increase in heart rate: Your heart starts beating faster as the body tries to pump blood faster to areas of the body that need fuel in order to respond to the danger.Increased breathing: Your respiration rate also increases as your body tries to take in as much oxygen as it can as quickly as possible. The increase in heart rate ensures that this oxygen gets to the vital muscles quickly. The smooth muscles also relax so as to allow more oxygen to be absorbed into your lungs.Dilated pupils: As your body prep ares to deal with the danger, it needs to be very aware and observant of your surroundings. Therefore, your eyes become dilated in order to allow more light into the eyes and therefore improve your vision. You might also experience tunnel vision, where your peripheral vision is reduced to allow you to only concentrate on the danger ahead of you.Pale or flushed skin: As your body prepares to deal with the threat, veins in your skin constrict to reduce blood flow to surface areas of the body. This blood is channeled to areas of your body that are needed at the moment, such as your brain, the arms and legs and other huge muscle blocks. The decrease of surface blood flow leads to your face looking pale. In addition, your blood’s clotting ability becomes heightened to prevent excessive blood loss in case you get injured while dealing with the threat.Trembling: The fight or flight response tenses your muscles in readiness for action, like a coiled spring. This tension in the muscles can cause you to tremble.Increase in blood glucose levels: The release of adrenaline triggers the release of fats and glucose (blood sugar) from temporary storage sites. The fats and glucose circulate in your blood stream and provide the extra energy needed to fight or flee from the danger.Shutdown of non-essential systems: When dealing with a potential threat, your body needs all the energy available. To prevent wastage of energy, non-essential functions such as digestion and the immune system are temporarily shut down until you are out of danger. In addition, your tolerance for pain increases in order to make it possible for you to continue fighting or fleeing even in the event of injury.Decreased focus on small tasks: Your brain’s entire focus is directed on the source of danger and how to deal with it, so you will have trouble focusing on small tasks and any other information that is not essential at the moment.WHEN THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE CAN BE BAD FOR YOUThe fight or flig ht response was a very vital mechanism that ensured survival of our ancestors by allowing them to escape from tigers and bears without spending precious seconds thinking about what to do.Even today, the fight or flight response is still important. It helps us escape from threats such as oncoming cars, growling dogs, or in my case, muggers who were after my wallet and phone. Sometimes, however, the fight or flight response can be bad for you.You don’t have to be in physical danger in order for the fight or flight response to be triggered. Your brain only needs a perception of a threat and boom! The emergency mode gets triggered.While the number of physically threatening situations we experience each day have reduced greatly, the fight or flight can be triggered by social situations, stresses from day to day life, and even random thoughts. The amygdala is not very good at distinguishing between situations that present physical danger to us and those that only threaten our emotional wellbeing.Anything that causes a negative emotional response is usually treated as a threat, which explains why you may experience some of the signs of the acute stress response even in fairly non-threatening situations, such as trembling before giving a big presentation, or an increase in heart rate and respiration in response to a rude comment from your colleague.When the fight or flight response is triggered in such situations, you are unlikely to fight or run away. The body releases a lot of energy and hormones in preparation for physical action, yet you cannot react physically to these situations.As a result, the extra energy and the hormones are not used up, which can make it difficult for some people to get off from the acute stress response. They remain in a state of arousal.Unfortunately, while the acute response is a powerful reaction, it is only an emergency state that is meant to be engaged for short periods of times.Remaining in this aroused state for long periods of ti me can leave you exhausted and even lead to negative physical effects such as migraine headaches, high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.It can also increase the intensity of conditions such as chronic gastritis and fibromyalgia. The high levels of cortisol resulted from a prolonged acute stress response can also lead to increased appetite as the body tries to get more energy to deal with the perceived threat, thus leading to obesity and weight gain.HOW TO TAME THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSEIf you find yourself constantly or frequently experiencing the physiological symptoms associated with the fight or flight response, it is important for you to take action to tame the response before it starts having a negative impact on your health.Fortunately, there are some techniques that you can use to calm down from the acute stress response. These include:ExerciseThis is one of the best techniques for dealing with a prolonged fight or flight response. Remember, t he fight or flight response is meant to prepare you for a burst of physical activity, which unfortunately does not happen in cases where the acute stress response is not triggered by physical threats.The excess energy and stress hormones remain in your body and keep you in a constant state of arousal. When you exercise, the physical activity you engage in provides your body with a way of metabolizing the excess energy and excess stress hormones, allowing your body and mind to calm down a lot faster.The best part about using exercise to calm your acute stress response is that anyone can do it without having to learn anything new. There are no special exercises that you need to perform. You could play soccer or tennis, run around the block, lift weights, box, and so on.Basically, anything that can get your heart rate up and burn some calories is enough to counter the effects of the fight or flight response. Additionally, exercising also releases endorphins â€" the feel good hormones â €" into your bloodstream, thereby helping counter the stressful feeling that comes with the fight or flight response.Remind Yourself That You Are SafeSometimes, the physiological changes that accompany the acute stress response can be confused for something else, leading to panic, which in turn intensifies the acute stress response, and so on.For instance, if you are in a social situation and you heart starts racing, you might be tempted to think that you are having a heart attack. This causes you to panic.Unfortunately, your amygdala takes the panic for a threatening situation, therefore it sends a signal to the hypothalamus which responds by triggering the release of more adrenaline and cortisol, making your heart race even faster.To avoid this, when you find yourself experiencing some of the physical symptoms of the fight or flight response, remind yourself that you are in no actual danger, that your body is only priming for a fight and nothing more. This will prevent you from go ing into a loop of negative feedback that keeps reinforcing itself.Of course, the very first times you start doing this, you won’t calm down immediately. Simply keep reminding yourself that you are under no threat, and eventually, your body and mind will calm down. As you practice this more and more, you will notice that the frequency of your acute stress responses will decrease.Practice Relaxation TechniquesAnother effective way of taming your acute stress response is to practice relaxation techniques â€" such as breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation â€" whenever the acute stress response strikes. Whenever you find yourself experiencing the symptoms of the fight or flight response, find a comfortable place to sit and start taking deep breaths.Slowly inhale through your nose to a count of four, hold the breath inside your longs to a count of four, and then slowly exhale through your mouth to a count of six. When you are in the acute response mode, your breath is us ually fast and shallow. Once you start taking the long, deep breaths, your body will automatically calm down and switch off the effects of the acute stress response.The other relaxation technique is progressive muscle relaxation. To do this, start by finding a comfortable place to sit or lie down. With your eyes closed, take five deep breaths, focusing on the sensation in your lungs and diaphragm as you breathe in and out.After the five deep breaths, focus on your right and tense all the muscles on your foot and toes as your breath in. Hold the breath for a while, and then slowly release the tension in your foot muscles as you exhale. Move to your lower leg and repeat the same exercise with your calf and shin muscles.Tense the muscles as you breathe in, hold the breath and then slowly release the tension as you exhale. Repeat the same for your upper leg and then move on to your left leg. After you are done with the legs, move progressively to the muscles on your back, stomach, chest , shoulders, upper hand, arms, palms and fingers and finish with the muscles on your face and head.Just like the breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation gets calms you down by countering one of the major effects of the fight or flight response (tension in the muscles).Practice MindfulnessThis technique needs a lot of practice, but once you master it, it can be a very effective way for taming your acute stress response. Mindfulness involves paying attention to and being aware of the present moment in a deliberate and non-judgmental way. When you are practicing mindfulness, you take note of all the thoughts in your mind and the sensations in your body.You separate yourself from your thoughts and sensations and simply observe them like an outsider, without any judgment. This allows you to respond in a deliberate manner, rather than being a slave to your acute stress response.For instance, if you are about to give a huge presentation, your mind might trigger the fight or flig ht response, and suddenly you want to get as far away from the presentation. Instead of reacting as your brain wants, mindfulness allows you to take note of the sensation you are feeling and separate yourself from it.Once you recognize that you are not one with the need to flee from the presentation, you can then choose how you want to proceed (making the presentation) rather than acting as your brain wants you to (getting away from the presentation).WRAPPING UPThe fight or flight response is an automatic mechanism that your brain uses to keep you safe from danger. Once the response kicks in, it gives you a burst of energy and strength and prepares your body to either flee from the threat or fight for your life.The response is accompanied by a set of physiological changes that get your body ready for action. While the fight or flight response is a great mechanism that keeps you safe, frequent or long term activation of the acute stress response can have a negative impact on your bod y and health.To prevent this, you should learn how to tame your acute stress response. This can be done through techniques such as exercising, reminding yourself that you are safe, practicing relaxation techniques and mindfulness.

Comparison Between Crito and Apology - 1661 Words

Comparison between Crito and Apology For these two articles that we read in Crito and Apology by Plato, we could know Socrates is an enduring person with imagination, because he presents us with a mass of contradictions: Most eloquent men, yet he never wrote a word; ugliest yet most profoundly attractive; ignorant yet wise; wrongfully convicted, yet unwilling to avoid his unjust execution. Behind these conundrums is a contradiction less often explored: Socrates is at once the most Athenian, most local, citizenly, and patriotic of philosophers; and yet the most self-regarding of Athenians. Exploring that contradiction, between  ¡Ã‚ §Socrates the loyal Athenian citizen ¡Ã‚ ¨ and  ¡Ã‚ §Socrates the philosophical critic of Athenian society, ¡Ã‚ ¨ will help†¦show more content†¦He also explains to Crito that the citizen is bound to the laws like a child is bound to a parent, and so to go against the laws would be like striking a parent. Rather than simply break the laws a nd escape, Socrates should try to persuade the laws to let him go. These laws present the citizens duty to them in the form of a kind of social contract. By choosing to live in Athens, a citizen is endorsing the laws, and is willing to follower by them. Therefore, if he was to break from prison now, having so consistently validated the social contract, he would be making himself an outlaw who would not be welcome in any other civilized state for the rest of his life. Furthermore when he dies, he will be harshly judged in the underworld for behaving unjustly toward his citys laws. In this way, Socrates chooses not to attempt escape but he dies as a martyr, not for himself, but for his city and its system of justice. The argument in the Apology is that one should never betray one ¡Ã‚ ¦s own philosophy for any reason, even if the reason is death. Moreover, death should never be a deterrent to a man because no man has true knowledge of death, and  ¡Ã‚ §surely it is the most blamewor thy ignorance to believe that one knows what one does not know ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Plato 32). Socrates believes that we have no cause to fear death, and as stated in a previous quote, for the philosopher death was probably a moreShow MoreRelatedPlato s Apology And Crito983 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that have marked the history of humanity on earth. In the following written works, Plato’s Apology and Crito, The Gospel According to Mark, and Dante’s Inferno, religion and politics are shown to be intertwined, which emphasizes the impact of each individual character in each written work. Also, these written works explain how politics are affected by religion and vice versa. Plato’s Apology and Crito are plays that explain how Socrates, who was considered an honored and the wisest man in allRead MorePlato s Apology And Crito977 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that have marked the history of humanity on earth. In the following written works, Plato’s apology and Crito, The gospel according to Mark and Date’s Inferno, in each of these works religion and politics are intertwined to show the impact of these in each character in each written work. Also, these written works explain how politics are affected by religion and vice versa. In Plato’s Apology and Crito, are two consecutive plays that explain how Socrates, which was considered an honored and theRead MorePlato s Apology And Crito976 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that have marked the history of humanity in earth. In the following written works, Plato’s apology and Crito, The gospel according to Mark and Date’s inferno, in each of these work religion and politics are intertwined to show the impact of these in each character in each written work. Also, these written works explain how politics is affected by religion and vise versa. In Plato’s Apology and Crito are two consecutive plays that explain how Socrates, which was considered an honored and the mostRead MoreMachiavelli And The Apology Of The Prince1718 Words   |  7 Pages Machiavelli writes The Prince centuries after Plato documents Socrates in Crito and The Apology. Despite the different time periods, both Machiavelli and Socrates experience times of turmoil where the concept of democracy was questioned. However, the different time periods cause the views and purposes of Machiavelli’s writing to largely differ from Socrates. Machiavelli writes in a time of turmoil where Italy was a bunch of small, fragmented states and when the Medici’s struggled to regainRead MoreThe Four Texts On Socrates By Plato And Aristophanes Looks At Plato s Works, Euthyphro, Apology, Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesEmily DePasquale Philosophy 103 Monday,Wednesday,Friday 9A.M. Professor Nichols September 30th, 2016 Journal One: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito I. 1. The Four Texts On Socrates by Plato and Aristophanes looks at Plato’s works, Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito. Plato’s works fall under the genre of philosophical dialogue presented in a context similar to that of dramatic monologues. Although Plato’s works are based in historical context, the works are less historical fiction, and more of a dramaticRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates: an Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense2369 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"political† affiliation Athenians related themselves with. Some choices were between the Traditionalists, Sophists or an up and coming ideas of Socratics or Platonics. Militarily, during the life of Socrates, Athens was involved in the Peloponnesian Wars, a set of conflicts between Sparta and Athens, in which Athens ultimately loses. Historically, this time became known as the rule of â€Å"The Thirty Tyrants.† In Plato’s Apology it notes that he disobeyed orders given by the Tyra nts, which gave a senseRead MoreSocrates Pursuit of Wisdom Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pagestwo people begin on common ground in a conversation, as Socrates often tries to do, they are far more likely to be able to civilly come to a conclusion about a particular topic, or at least further their original concept. The interesting dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro demonstrates this Socratic method of questioning in order to gain a succinct definition of a particular idea, such as piety. Though the two men do not come to a conclusion about the topic in the conversation seen in EuthyphroRead MorePlato Essay2296 Words   |  10 Pagesthe volatile state of the Athenian government, it is not surprising that Socrates had much to say on the topic of political philosophy. Central to his political theory was his position on how citizens ought to approach ethics and politics. In the Apology, Socrates conduct demonstrates his belief that citizens must not be complacent when it comes to political virtue. In order to push citizens out of complacency, Socrates used a method called the â€Å"elecnhus† to prod citizens to discover the true definitionRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1860 Words   |  8 PagesPolitical Theorists: Moralities and Wisdom Political theorists, Socrates and Machiavelli, each provide their own ideas and philosophies for political structure that are still being discussed today. In Plato’s writings of â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, he defines Socrates as man of wisdom and humbleness as he goes through trial and death of a crime he did not commit. Machiavelli’s writing of â€Å"The Prince† was written as a way to advise a Prince on how to achieve the greatest success as a ruler. These twoRead MoreSocrates Vs Machiavelli Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagessteadfast distance from involvement in politics, making a comparison or evaluation of a political system in his persona technically impossible. To claim that Socrates would or would not be supportive of any political system might then seem irresponsible, a presumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivale nce between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavelli’s political ethics

Obama s Speech The American Dream - 1923 Words

In 2006, U.S. senator Barack Obama stated in front of a large audience in New England,â€Å"It was right here, in the waters around us, where the American experiment began. As the earliest settlers arrived on the shores of Boston and Salem and Plymouth, they dreamed of building a City upon a Hill. And the world watched, waiting to see if this improbable idea called America would succeed.† John Winthrop’s original goal, manifested in Obama’s speech, was to build a city looked up upon by all others. This is what the American Dream is: wealth, fame, good education, equality, liberty, and freedom. The American Dream is not limited to Winthrop, nor did it begin with him. The dream starts even before the Puritans, back during the days of early†¦show more content†¦Starvation, mutiny, and attacks by natives kept the settlers on edge during the early years of the settlement. Smith’s leadership, especially his wit and intelligence with regard to the native s (such as urging colonists not to befriend them, but to keep them scared and propagating them with firearms), are the reason Jamestown still stood after four years. Smith’s impact on the colony was that the colony wasn’t in ruin, and the colonists had another day to live—not even counting how much freedom they held in this (relatively) unexplored land. John Smith inspired (through many exaggerated positive letters, to help with funding) a multitude of new settlers to make the treacherous journey to the new world, leading to the whole colony of Virginia to grow to eventually contain hundreds of settlers and over a thousand acres of land ownership. Despite the message and end goal of Smith’s legacy, the Dream is more shallow in some regards. Early colonists mailed positive letters back to England describing lush areas of green and plentiful amounts of gold. In Reality, the land was somewhat marshy and minerals were nowhere to be found. The question begs to be asked: did John Smith lead a dream of lies? Is the American Dream a myth, originally fabricated for funding four-hundred years ago? Any American with any sense of freedom must disagree. John Smith paved the way for a society with freedom as the main course. John Smith paved the way for aShow MoreRelatedJim Cullen s The American Dream965 Words   |  4 Pages What is the American Dream? Some describe the American Dream as a two parent family with two kids and a dog living in a home with a white picket fence. Others declare having millions of dollars and a beach home is the ultimate goal. So, what exactly is the American Dream? In the Conservative conference speech â€Å"We Will Be a City upon a Hill†, Ronald Reagan demanded that traditional values defined the American Dream while President Obama argued equality was quintessential. 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Interpreter of Maladies Analysis Free Essays

Jhumpa Lahiri’s, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies,† tells the story of a family on a trip who consistently face communication issues and Mr. Kapasi, a much wiser man, who is expected to repair the problems of the family. Throughout the story, we learn about the dysfunctions of both the Das and Kapasi family. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpreter of Maladies Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now While some may argue that Lahiri does not believe in the power of communication, it is self evident that Lahiri does in fact believe in the power of communication. We know that he believes in the power of communication because he presents to us a family with no communication and all the issues that can be solved should they communicate with each other. Some people may argue that Lahiri does not believe in the power of communication, and that communication may kill a relationship. Communication is a sign of trust, you’re opening up to someone, and Mrs. Das did just that with Mr. Kapasi when she made her revelation. â€Å"Is it really pain you feel, Mrs. Das or is it guilt?†¦ properly insulted †(66). This quote suggests the ultimate end to their relationship, because we know after this quote she walks out on him and back to her husband. Mr. Kapasi was asking this question because he knew that Mrs. Das was guilty, he found out what was wrong with her and she won’t have it. This argument can be rebutted in the future of the story because we see that Mr. Kapasi still cares about Mrs. Das because he doesn’t want her to be scared or in the end where Mrs. Das tells Mr. Kapasi to save her son from the monkeys, not Mr. Das. Lahiri presents to us the communication issues that the Das family has multiple times throughout the story and constantly uses it throughout the story as a theme. The conversation between Mrs. Das and Mr. Das shows us the lack of communication and even care the Das family has for their kids, â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Das bickered about who should take Tina to the toilet†¦ she did not hold the little girl’s hand as they walked to the restroom†(43). The fact that Mr. Das has to remind his wife that he gave Tina a bath shows that neither parent is aware what the other does with their kids, t`he bickering itself suggests problems in the relationship. â€Å"She did not hold the little girl’s hand† suggests a lack of connection and care that Mrs. Das has for Tina because she refuses to hold her daughters hand. Hold a daughters hand has always been a symbol of love, care, and protection, Ms. Das indicates to have neither of these. In the end of the story, we see that after Mrs. Das let’s out what she has been feeling we see much more interest and awareness on the kids, â€Å"Poor Bobby.. Come here, let Mommy fix your hair. † This quote shows that Mrs. Das is accepting motherhood and no longer is the â€Å"big sister† she was compared to previously. After communicating with Mr. Kapasi she can finally be the mom she long desired to be, even if it meant leaving her past behind, including Mr. Kapasi How to cite Interpreter of Maladies Analysis, Essay examples

Wl 2b Creative Writing Essay Example

Wl 2b Creative Writing Essay The ending of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold ends abruptly where the protagonist, Santiago Nasar, falls on his face in the kitchen of his own home, dead. There are still many untold details the reader may be wondering about that needs to be demystified, such as the real culprit for taking Angela Vicario’s virginity. In an attempt to satisfy most of the readers’ curiosity, the following diary of Angela Vicario, the dishonored bride, has been uncovered. What has never been said by Angela has been captured with her written words. The whole mystery of Santiago Nasar’s murder will be solved and understood from Angela’s point of view and answers. Dear Diary, The news of the death of Santiago Nasar has reached the whole town. Different versions of the story of how the murderers finally got to him have been abridged, modified, and revised. Santiago was cornered and stabbed to death. Santiago walked around his house and even into townspeople’s house half alive and half dead. Santiago carried the remains of his body parts until finally he fell. Santiago let his death follow him. But it is only I, the bride-to-be of Bayardo San Roman, who knows the full story. We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Out of all of the rumors and opinions about the downfall of the already acknowledged death, there was one that stood out most prominently: Santiago Nasar did not deserve to die. The whole town took into account that there must have been a reason why the entire city had prior knowledge of the carried out murder plan, yet Santiago was the last person to know about it. The innocent, well-known man has walked blindly into town without a clue of the ominous future. In order to redeem themselves, everyone in town has been put onto trial to reanalyze the fact that there was no possibility of saving Santiago from his unfortunate death. Nonetheless, this will not be necessary because of my diary. Here, I prove the innocence of Santiago Nasar, and how the town could not stop the awful deed. I am the woman that brought all of the trouble in the first place. The shock of the murder has reached back to me; it had such a strong impact that I have finally decided to confess all of the secrets that started the problem in the first place here in written form. The truth is too enduring to be said aloud. First, I repent all of my sins, and I will be innocent from the murder. Instead, I will point my fingers at my brothers, the twins, and the blame should fall on both of them. In the Hispanic culture, the virginity of a women is considered holy and of upmost respect. The man who gets to take the virginity away from the woman will be eternally bonded to her. I was not a true virgin at the time of the marriage with Santiago, and therefore caused an uproar which I admit. Yet, I have justification for my sin and it is up to the world and God to decide whether or not I will be repented for this act that could not be helped. Yes, I have been told that such a beautiful girl as myself can give in easily to the calling of cat-calls and wolf-whistles. But this was not the case for me. I have more self-control and willpower than the average women and especially more constraint than that poor prostitute Maria Cervantes who has fallen in love with the deceased Santiago Nasar. On the other hand, I am not a woman of physical strength; I am weak and feeble. Defending myself from the harassment of another man will be useless since my protests and attempts to stop him will be ineffective. The damned man that I am talking about is Colonel Lazaro Aponte. Yes, the lazy Colonel who failed to prevent Santiagos murder because he was â€Å"checking on his game of dominoes†. The man who has authority around town, the man who has power and knowledge to vital information, is the man who goes by Lazaro Aponte. Many townspeople may be shocked by this rash accusation, but let me explain. It was Lazaro Aponte who has stolen my virginity and has never claimed it through the act of rape. My twin brothers found out later and became outraged, vowing to kill him and tear him to pieces. But because of his position as a Colonel of the town, he had access to every information possible because of the records of files he keeps. Lazaro is a smart man: he had planned my rape very well because he knew I was the perfect victim. I was considered a beauty throughout the whole town yet not a lot of people know the history background of my brother Pedro Vicario except for Lazaro who did a bit of research. Pedro used to be in the army, and the reason why he quit was because of some â€Å"accidental† killing that he had committed. A bomb had exploded, killing several men in the war on Pedro’s side. With feelings of remorse, Pedro quit the war, but no one ever had known that it was him that caused such a tragedy. It was with this information that Lazaro used to prevent the Vicario twins from killing him in redemption for me. Lazaro threatened that he would release this news of the accidental killings if he felt intimidated. It was the perfect blackmail: they could never accuse Lazaro for stealing my virginity. Everything quelled down after a while until Bayardo San Roman walked through town and proposes to me. My mother, Purismima, was ecstatic about the wonderful news and encouraged the marriage. This is where the controversy took place since Bayardo questioned my virginity after we had sex and there was no blood stain on our bed sheets. Here is where Pablo Vicario decides to convince his brother that they need to confront Lorazo for my sake and for the sake of the marriage. However when Lorazo brought up the reminder that he had valuable information, Pedro broke down and refused to turn Lorazo in. Instead, the twins thought together and came up with the ingenious plan of putting the blame on Santiago Nasar since they still needed a name to point to for stealing my virginity. He was perfect since everyone knew that he liked sleeping with the local prostitute Maria, so sleeping with me would be so easy for him. Poor Santiago did not know what blame was put on him. The whole town was not able to warn him in time because of fate. Such an innocent man does not need a warning for a crime he has committed, right? This is my explanation for things, along with Lorazo making every possibility of friends not to warn Santiago impossible. I hope the whole town now puts Lorazo Aponte on trial for his unjustifiable deed. There is no physical evidence of this, but it is the truth and evil that lays in his eyes that everyone should be able to see. Questions should rise such as why did he not try and warn Santiago Nasar about the Vicario twins, even though he is a Colonel. Was he just that â€Å"lazy†? Please help satisfy my brother’s, Santiago’s, and my innocence through the conviction of Lorazo Aponte. And please let Bayardo San Roman accept my apologies: I should have let you know about my secret past. It was such an embarrassment that I could not help but to keep silent. Now that the truth is all revealed, let the town figure out the verdict of everyone in the town who was put in trial in the first place. Dear Diary, this is where I end my confession. Angela Vicario Works Cited Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. Chronicle of a Death Foretold. New York: Vintage International, 2003

Resume Tips Part 2 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 2 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume This is one of my favorite resume tips. It will help you show employers exactly what you did and what you can do for them. Most of us are familiar with the concept of â€Å"power verbs† on a resume. We also have unlimited resources for finding and choosing power verbs, such as  this list organized by category from the University of Iowas Pomerantz Career Center. How many times have you heard, â€Å"Every bullet in a resume should start with a verb? Dozens at least, right? Then why are you starting your bullets with the phrase responsible for? Responsible is not a verb, no matter how many times it shows up on your resume. Furthermore, you can be â€Å"responsible for† something and not actually do it! Employers care about what you did. Employers (or their computer systems at least) also care about keywords. I promise you, â€Å"responsible† or â€Å"responsibility† will never show up in a list of sought-after keywords. Begin with a Power Verb Compare: a. Was responsible for submitting two sports-related blogs per month for publication on website. b. Submitted two sports-related blogs per month for publication on website. And compare: a. Responsible for raising $250,000 by recruiting staff to run door- to-door canvass reaching 200,000 people. b. Raised $250,000 by recruiting staff to run door-to-door canvass reaching 200,000 people. Version b in both cases is shorter and more powerful than version a. You might be there saying, â€Å"But I didn’t just do things, I was responsible for them!† If you had supervisory or managerial responsibilities, there are verbs for that. Some of them are: Supervised Developed Managed Ensured Handled Monitored Even if you had many significant responsibilities that are important to list on your resume, try including your responsibility in a bullet that also includes an achievement, along with the important keywords you see in the job description. And remember to start each bullet with a verb! Be responsible for the words you choose on your resume. I hope you found these resume tips useful. If you want professional assistance to craft a powerful resume, please contact us.

How to Format PHP Text

How to Format PHP Text So youve gone through the PHP  tutorials  or are new to PHP in general, and you can make some nifty things in PHP, but they all look like plain text. How do you jazz them up? Formatting PHP text isnt done with PHP; its done with HTML. You can do this in two ways. You can add HTML inside the PHP code or you can add the PHP code inside the HTML. Either way, the file must be saved as a .php or another file type that is allowed to execute PHP on your server. Changing PHP Text Color Using HTML Inside PHP For example, to change the PHP text color to red. Hello World!; ? In this case, the hex color number #ff0000 sets the PHP text that follows it to red. The number could be replaced by other  hex color numbers for other colors. Notice the HTML code is located inside the echo.   Changing PHP Text Color Using  PHP Inside HTML The same effect is achieved with the following code, which uses PHP inside HTML. In the second example, a single line of PHP is inserted inside the HTML. Although here it is only a line to make the text red in this example, it could be inside a fully formatted HTML page to get any look you want. Types of Formatting Available in HTML It is easy to make text formatting changes to PHP text inside HTML. Although many of these formatting commands have been suspended in Cascading Style Sheets, they all still work in HTML. Some of the text formatting commands that can be used include: Bold - Italic -      Underline -  Strike-out -   or  Small -  Font size -   , replace the ? with a number from 1 to 7, 1 being the smallestCenter text -   A complete list of text formatting tags is available.

COPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COPD - Essay Example Smoking is the most responsible for the COPD in human beings. 15 percent of smokers have been found to suffer from COPD, along with associated respiratory problems. Passive smoking has also been found to affect small children with respiratory problems, and infections. Lung diseases are often caused by air pollution that in many cases develops into COPD. Occupational pollutants like cadmium and silica create the risks of COPD, particularly in individuals who have the chances of intake of these pollutants. Deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is another major cause of COPD that reflects a hereditary problem in many individuals (Schiffman & Shiel, 2013). The process of the disease of COPD consists of three conditions within an individual. These are chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. The flow of air gets obstructed and hence unable to pass through the airflows often making such obstruction permanent. If patients suffering from asthma are not treated, then such patients tend to have a rigid element of obstruction of the airways leading to COPD. In COPD the limitation in the flow of air is progressive in nature. Moreover it leads to irregular inflammatory reaction of the lungs to lethal particles or harmful gases. The abnormal responses of the inflammations occur â€Å"throughout the proximal and peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature† (O’Connell Smeltzer et al, 2010, p.602). Since the inflammation is chronic in nature and there is a tendency of the body to repair the process, hence the airways reflect alterations and narrowing in their features. As a result of this disease, there a re changes in the components of the lungs as well (O’Connell Smeltzer et al, 2010, p.602). Certain common treatments are available for COPD patients. With intentions to avert further worsening of the conditions of the lungs, to lessen the symptoms and their effects, and to improve the conditions

Reasons for Choosing Mortuary Science Field Assignment

Reasons for Choosing Mortuary Science Field - Assignment Example Learners are trained to be morticians by learning biological science, business and social sciences. I think that the study of events relating with death, and how the society prepares for it raises questions are deep rooted in the human sociological lives. The reasons why I chose mortuary science field is because it deals with death, is a common event in the society, offers an opportunity for a well paying job and has objectives that build an individual to become a significant person in the community. Reason 1 The first reason for I chose mortuary science field is because of death factor in the society; hence, trains individuals in an area common, and part of human beings lives. I believe that death is a common occasion that man has accepted in the society and is an unremitting process. Consequently, the program is essential in building and molding skilled individuals who assist the bereaved in planning and organizing the event. The significance of learning the course is because each person has been affected directly or indirectly by death. I chose the field since it makes me an imperative person who is working for the society by acquitting me with skills necessary to assist the society. It is difficult to prepare for death occasion according to societies’ perception, because it happens at an unexpected time when individuals has little time to work on the event. I think that the fact that death is a common event in human beings’ lives, it makes the course and the program exce ptionally significant and relevant in the communal lives. People perceive apprentices working in the society as significant people in the community for the support and services to occasional event happening in our lives (Stair, 46). Reason 2 The second reason I chose the mortuary science field is that the program offers remarkable job opportunities. A person can work as a mortician in funeral homes, which are important in the society (Stair, 46). I think that the job makes individuals well heeled by earning amicable amount of money. The job that a person gets after learning the course is a great job because it acts as a means of expressing the feelings and requirements of individuals. The program provides a platform for individuals having a passion of helping people in the society who lack the skills and knowledge in arranging for emergencies especially in funerals. I agree that the course will provide an excellent platform for me to express the kindness and remorsefulness to the bereaved individuals. The course will instill skills in counseling, proper and legal completion of death certificates and preparation of the body for during burial event. Consequently, selecting Mortuary Science field gives an opportuni ty to an individual interested in getting a legitimate and substantial job that pays satisfactory. . Reason 3 The third reason I chose studying mortuary science field is the program’s objectives, which defines a person’s credibility and competence. I agree that the program enlarges the background and acquaintance of students’ profession on the funeral services (Stair, 46). The program aims at edifying individuals in every phase of funeral services. I believe that students are encouraged to participate in faculty research in funeral services and events that enable the faculty to discover new concepts. A further objective of the program is to encourage acceptable ethical conduct to an individual. I decided this because it ensures a person conducts oneself and interacts well with other individuals in the society. Lastly, a clear objective of mortuary science field is that it provides a set of courses at the post-secondary level of instructions. I believe that the o bjectives make a

The Death of woman Wang Essay -- essays research papers

The Death of Woman Wang, by Jonathan Spence is an educational historical novel of northeastern China during the seventeenth century. The author's focus was to enlighten a reader on the Chinese people, culture, and traditions. Spence's use of the provoking stories of the Chinese county T'an-ch'eng, in the province of Shantung, brings the reader directly into the course of Chinese history. The use of the sources available to Spence, such as the Local History of T'an-ch'eng, the scholar-official Huang Liu-hung's handbook and stories of the writer P'u Sung-Ling convey the reader directly into the lives of poor farmers, their workers and wives. The intriguing structure of The Death of Woman Wang consists on observing these people working on the land, their family structure, and their local conflicts. Chapter one, The Observers, in the Death of Woman Wang demonstrates the accuracy of the local historian; Feng K'o-ts'an, who compiled The Local History of T'an-ch'eng in 1673. The descriptive context of the Local History helps the reader to understand and literally penetrate into people's lives. The use of records of the earthquake of 1668, the White Lotus rising of 1622 and rebels rising vividly described by Feng the extent of suffering the people of T'an-ch'eng went through. Jonathan Spence stresses on how miserable the two-quarter of the seventeen-century were to the diminishing population of the county. The earthquake claimed the lives of nine thousand people, many others died in the White lotus rising, hunger, sickness and banditry. P'u Sung-ling's stories convey that after the loss of the wheat crops there were cases of cannibalism. On top of all of this came the slaughtering of the entire family lines by the bandits. The incredible records of women like Yao and Sun in the Loca l History present the reader the magnitude of savagery the bandits possessed. All of these factors led to the rise of suicides. The clarity of events Spence given to the reader is overwhelming. On the other hand, Spence losses his reader as he introduces the spread of Confucius and other superstitious believes through out the county. He states that the Local History states that people became unusually superstitious in parts of T'an-ch'eng. Later on he presents the Confucianism and it influence. Confusion especially occurs then he quotes from many different sources and chapters. For inst... ... to the husband. Yet the reader is presented with woman Wang, who ran away with another man from her husband, Jen. Some of the reasons of her departure could have been neglect from her husband, that she had bound feet and that she had no children. Her actions contradicted any moral wife at that time. After relentless pursuit of happiness woman Wang returned home, there she met her death. The Legal Code justified certain parameters of vengeance on behave of the husband toward his adulterous wife. Nevertheless, Jen was not allowed by the law to simply slaughter his wife. Moreover Jen accused an innocent Kao, for which Jen could have been sentenced to death. Were woman Wang's actions right is for the reader to decide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately, The Death of Woman Wang, by Jonathan Spence is a timeless, educational, historical novel. Spence purpose to enlighten the reader of the Chinese culture, tradition and its land were met through the use of sources, like the Local History of T'an-ch'eng, the scholar-official Huang Liu-hung's handbook and stories of the writer P'u Sung-Ling. The intriguing structure of The Death of Woman Wang will captivate any reader's attention.

Government Merit Systems

Elimination of Merit Systems For many reasons, merit based civil service systems have come under assault and yet at the same time have been hailed. Merit systems do however attempt and achieve many important objectives including ensuring that an effective workforce is attracted and maintained by providing protections against arbitrary termination and by attempting to avert politically influenced hiring and promotions. Notwithstanding, the way merit systems go about attracting a workforce and the varied protections against termination are the cause of antipathy. Many would agree that a better civil service system is needed. This better civil service system should reward good service and punish bad or mediocre service with dismissal or no promotion. Equally important, this new system has to have a process to hire quality employees quickly. However, this better system needs to have all the mechanisms that are in the current merit systems to protect against corruption. This paper argues in favor of eliminating both merit system protections and merit in hiring and promotions, while at the same time evaluating the various arguments against merit systems. In public administration literature, it is argued that in order for the bureaucracy to be both efficient and effective, it has to be staffed by tenured bureaucrats who feel relatively secure in their positions and receive adequate compensation. The bureaucracy attains its power from the experience of its workforce. Indeed, the bureaucracy is made up of â€Å"seasoned and knowledgeable ‘old hands'† who have molded relations with organizations and government itself (Kaufman 2001, 8-42). Therefore, if returning to a spoils system results in arbitrary terminations the bureaucracy would be robbed of the most experienced administrators who bestow effectiveness within an agency. An important point regarding the removal of protections against arbitrary terminations is made by Charles T. Goodsell who argues that removing protections causes an â€Å"Am I Next? † mindset to occur where employees agonize over the threat of termination and which in itself can result in diminished effectiveness (1998, 653-660). In a related way to the â€Å"Am I Next? † syndrome is a breakdown of the â€Å"politics administration dichotomy† where administrators fearing termination would only perform those duties to please the administration (Durant 1998, 643-653). Accordingly, a break down in the â€Å"politics administration dichotomy† would seem to some to signal an increase in corruption and overall unethical behavior. Corruption is one of the big factors for the creation and continuance of a merit system. Those opposed to removing merit factors cite the abuses that occurred in the nineteenth century prior to the Pendleton Act. Also, tenured civil servants are necessary to assure that political appointees obey the law† (Maranto 1998, 623-643). Speaking about this was a Washington journalist, who argued that it was tenured civil servants of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation who blew the whistle during the Watergate scandal and for this purpose tenured civil servant are needed to serve alongside appointees (Maranto 1998, 623-643). However, Robert Maranto who is a proponent of a alternative systems, points out several occurrences where tenured civil servants and political appointees worked together, such as in the Department of Housing and Urban Development scandals during the Regan administration. Specifically, Maranto argues that when any organization, private or public is under investigation â€Å"it reacts by closing ranks to outsiders and shunning suspected whistle-blowers† (1998, 623-643). Using this rationale, it could appear that having no tenure protections is the same as having tenure protections with regard to whistle-blowing. Maranto furthers the argument of corruption stating that â€Å"regular rotation of some political officials as ‘in-and-outers' helps uncover scandals because incoming appointees are not tied to existing corrupt practices, can claim credit for ending them, are not as protective of organization reputation, and have sufficient political pull outside the organization to weather attacks of those within† (1998, 623-643). Indeed, as pointed out by Maranto, the scandals of Andrew Jackson's administration had actually begun under the previous administration and were uncovered by Jackson appointees. Another argument offered by Murray was that to cite the difficulties presidents Clinton, Bush (1st), Regan and Carter had in filling executive branch positions that required presidential appointments. His argument is that if an administration is unable to fill important political positions than it is doubtful an administration â€Å"will put much urgency in finding a nominee for positions currently filled by career bureaucrats† (1998, 70-677). His argument was meant to conclude that if there is a weak administration many positions will go unfilled and result in diminished effectiveness. Nonetheless, his argument against a spoils system citing a weak presidency is apt in arguing that there will not be a massive partisan termination following elections. Moreover, there have been several Supreme Court rul ings which prohibit hiring, promotion, termination and even the awarding of contracts based on politics. Eisenhart distinguishes between five categories of public sector employees: 1)full-time permanent employees protected by some form of civil service system; 2) at-will employees who can be fired at anytime for any reason so long as the reason is not illegal; 3) contractual employees; 4) temporary employees; and 5) independent contractors (Eisenhart 1998, 58-69). These five categories of employees within the public sector are covered by Supreme Court rulings. In 1976, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Elrod v. Bums (427 U. S. 347) that it was unconstitutional for the newly elected Democratic Sheriff of Cook County to dismiss all employees who were hired under the previous Republican administration whose positions were not in policymaking areas where political loyalty would be required. Another ruling by the U. S. Supreme Court was in 1990, Rutan v. The Republican Party of Illinois (497 U. S. 62). The U. S. Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the Republican governor of Illinois to require applicants for hire, promotion, transfer and recall from layoff to obtain recognition from the Republican Party of Illinois prior to service. In 1996, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the Rutan decision applied to temporary employees as well. For several reasons it is unlikely an administration would commence large scale terminations after each new election. Even with a return to a spoils system an administration would not introduce massive terminations of productive workers for several reasons. First, as Kernell and McDonald argue, â€Å"the new breed of office-holding politicians who entered Congress at the end of the nineteenth century saw greater electoral payoffs from providing direct services to their constituencies than from subsidizing local party organizations. Thus they eschewed patronage for the merit system† (Ruhil and Camoes 2003, 27-43). This reflects twenty-first century American society more than it did in the nineteenth century. Also, the expensiveness of mass terminations would prevent government from mass terminations of productive employees. As argued by Kellough and Osuna â€Å"turnover also holds the potential for enormous organizational costs, including the direct costs of hiring and training new employees as well as significant in direct costs associated with lower productivity levels from newer employees and opportunity costs from situations requiring more experienced workers to provide task assistance to new colleagues (Kellough and Osuna 1995, 58-68). Indeed, research by the Saratoga Institute proposed that the replacement cost of an employee is between one and two times the individual’s salary. In another study by the Keener-Tregoe Business Issues Research Group it was estimated that it costs approximately $134,000 to replace a human resource manager in the automotive industry (Selden & Moynihan 2000, 63-74). For this reason it is just unlikely that government would commence with large scale terminations as those who are against the spoils systems contend. Equally important it is extremely expensive to run a merit system and as a result a lot of poorer states and local governments just cannot continue with the expansive hiring, promotion and discharge protocols. For instance, in a local government in the state of Michigan written test were administered to six hundred applicants for just a few vacancies, and followed up with oral examinations for all those found qualified by the written exam. It is argued that such a process is â€Å"neither practical nor an efficient use of limited government resources† (Leidlein 1993, 391-392). As a result a lot of states and local governments have tweaked their own merit systems resulting in abandonment of some merit principles or abandoning the principles all together. This situation is exemplified by Jay M. Shafritz, who argues that there is a â€Å"nether world of public personnel administration† which often exists to circumvent the maze of merit systems (1974, 486-492). For instance, in both the city of New Haven, Connecticut and the state of Idaho the personnel systems there were so time consuming they begun hiring temporaries in an effort to speed the process (Jorgensen et al. 1996, 5-20). Moreover, in Florida, Georgia and Virginia merit principles have been removed and have resulted in efficient government activities. For example, in the state of Georgia, merit protections have been removed entirely for state civil servants hired after June 30, 1996; employees hired prior to July 1, 1996 are still covered by the traditional merit system protections. In the state of Florida, merit protections were removed for all state civil servants on May 14, 2001. The result is in both Georgia and Florida, â€Å"civil servants can be hired, promoted, disciplined and fired quickly and with relative impunity; they [civil servants] accrue no seniority and therefore have no bumping rights whatsoever† (Walters 2003, 34-80). Nonetheless, in regards to Florida’s new civil service system, Mark Neimeiser, from Council 79 for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees which represents most of the state’s rank-and-file employees states that: It [Florida’s new system] exposes state workers who enforce regulations and license businesses and professionals to the risk of retribution for pursuing cases against politically well-connected Floridians. Second, it leaves higher-salaried senior staff exposed to the whims of departmental budget cutters who, like a sports-team owner trying to meet a salary cap, might be tempted to off-load more senior, high-paid staff just to save money, regardless of what it means by way of institutional brain drain or employee morale (Walters 2003, 34-80). However, according to Walters it seems that their concerns are valid. He details how there are several former employees who blew the whistle and were terminated for political reasons, either because they took regulatory action against an ally of the governor or because they were Democrats. Notwithstanding, Walters does point out that â€Å"Depending on one's view of the spoils system and what it ought to deliver to whom, such stories are either shocking or just par for the political course and no different than stories that filter out of Albany, Springfield or Sacramento whenever there's a change of party, regardless of the civil service rules† (Walters 2003, 34-80). Nevertheless, Walters does point out that there is ample evidence showing that there was widespread removal of long time employees in various Florida agencies. Yet, he does note that most of the laid-off employees were given the option of taking other jobs in government. According to AFSCME, the jobs offered typically represented demotions in both rank and pay. For example, a group of employees in the Department of Business and Professional Regulation were terminated, then allowed to reapply for jobs paying 25 percent less (Walters 2003, 34-80). As pointed out previously, one of the necessary factors for retaining workers is relative job security. And as such if termination protections are removed, it is believed a large turnover in the bureaucracy would occur (Godsell 1998, 653-660). However, a study on turnover in state government which specifically studied the environmental, organizational, and individual factors for turnover found that one determinant that prevented large turnovers was pay increases and promotions (Selden & Moynihan 2000, 63-74). Charles W. Gossett conducted a survey in the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice testing hypotheses on organizational loyalty, job mobility, and performance responsiveness between the workers covered by those hired after June 30, 1996 who has no civil service protections and those hired prior to July 1, 1996 whom still are covered by civil service protections (2003, 267-278). Some of Gossett's findings were that there were no substantial differences between the protected and un-protected civil servants in voluntary turnover and concern for the agency. However, Gossett's research did determine that un-protected workers are more willing to seek promotion within the agency and view themselves as needing to be more responsive to management because they feel they can be disciplined for any minor infractions (2003, 277). The purpose of this essay was to argue against and examine the arguments against eliminating merit systems. Given the importance of achieving an efficient and effective public workforce, it is essential to know whether eliminating merit protections and procedures will result into a more efficient and effective workforce. From the literature, it appears that the elimination of merit systems pose no horrific menace. Most of the arguments against removing merit factors, center on effectiveness and efficiency. The opponents argue that the removal of merit factors will result in hiring, promotion and termination based on political considerations. However, there are numerous federal laws, state laws and court decisions to protect every possible category of employee employed by government. Also, as evidenced in Georgia, non-protected workers tend to be more responsive to management which is good because it increases the effectiveness of executive leadership. For this purpose, chief executives are able to deliver on their promises. Getting rid of merit principles also allows government to hire qualified individuals quickly and cost effectively. Works Cited Durant, Robert F. 1998. Rethinking the unthinkable: A cautionary note. Administration & Society 29 (January): 643-653. Gossett, Charles W. 2003. The changing face of Georgia's merit system: results from an employee attitude survey in the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice. Public Personnel Management 32 (Summer): 267-278. Hamilton, David K. 1999. The continuing judicial assault on patronage. Public Administration Review 59. (January): 54-62. Jorgensen, Lorna, Kelli Patton and W. David. 1996. Underground merit systems and the balance between service and compliance. Review of Public Personnel Administration 16 (Spring): 5-20. Kaufman, Herbert. 2001. Major players: Bureaucracies in American government. Public Administration Review 61. (January/February): 18-42. Leidlein, James E. 1993. In search of merit. Public Administration review 53 (July/August): 391-392. Maranto, Robert. 1998. Thinking the unthinkable in public administration: A case for spoils in the federal bureaucracy. Administration & Society 29 (January): 623-633. Ruhil, Anirudh V. S. and Pedro J. Camoes. 2003. What lies beneath: The political roots of state merit systems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13. (January): 27-43. Selden, Sally Coleman and Donald P. Moynihan. 2003. A model of voluntary turnover in state government. Review of Public Personnel 20 (Spring) 63-74. Walters, Jonathan. 2003. Civil service tsunami. Governing 16 (May): 34-40. ________. 1997a. Who needs civil service. Governing 10 (August): 17-21. West, William E. and Robert F. Durant. 2000. Merit, management, and neutral competence: Lessons from the U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board, FY 1988-FY 1997. Public Administration Review 60 (March/April): 111-122. Cross-agency comparisons of quit rates in the Federal Service: Another look at the evidence Author: Kellough, J Edward; Osuna, Will Source: Review of Public Personnel Administration v15n4, (Fall 1995): p. 58-68 (Length: 11 pages) ISSN: 0734-371X Number: 01152472 Copyright: Copyright Institute of Public Affairs 1995 Shafritz, J. (1974). â€Å"The Cancer Eroding Public Personnel Professionalism. † Public Personnel Management 3, 3 : 486-492

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